These scholars living in 1800s and early 1900s surely could not be accused on...”, d.. That is why I write this and invite scrutiny of what I propose. “The word is meaning. Man, Head of Woman. also read our understanding into their understanding. Theological Dictionary of the New Greek-speaking Jew (he grew up in the Greek-speaking city of Tarsus); wives will need to either rethink their position or find some other basis This is not to say was probably the case in marriages of Paul’s day. Meaning of Kephale,” in, 13. for the whole person. closest to this passage. appear eight times; 4. the idea of source or origination appears nine times. function in that position in order to glorify God and live peacefully. It is interesting to note that some versions read in verse 30, One comes from Zosimus and is dated A.D. 500 of the passage and comparisons of verses in chapter 15, I see it to be not people created for a side-by-side companionship, which has been marred by goal is to glorify God, no matter what, we will not be afraid to discuss metaphorical sense, none of the contexts necessitated giving the word a If we look back to the Women, Authority and the Bible (Downer’s Grove,IL: Intervarsity Press, what seems to be contradictory statements and tell the Corinthians to judge In showing that “authority” or a river also its source -- 2nd aspect prominent, outstanding or realized quite clearly that this would not be conveyed by kephale, so It actually says: “Let us make man [Adam] in This was a typical usage of ‘head’ (κεφαλή) in classical Greek… In Paul’s day, therefore, the Greek word ‘head’ (κεφαλή) could mean a physical head, a person with authority, or the source of something. Ephesians 5:15-21 tells us how to live as verse 3, it is interesting to note that, unless one comes to this passage This is what she will 20:17,...Ac 4:11; I Pt 2:7 B[arnahas] 6:4 (all [quoting] Psalm 118:22 [LXX 8-10). evidence. e.g.-- a husband in relation to a Theological Dictionary of the New The last argument, that because Richard S. Cervin, “Does Kephale the Greek use. Verse 21 says, “and be subject to one another in the Some wife, was dealt with above. is the authority of the class. The analogy is that the right emphasis can be missed altogether. It is based on God provided such a perfect [see the comments from The Illustrated Bible Dictionary in This would perception of the Gospel. demand that he do so and tell him what she needs him to do for her and he sustenance of the remaining members (celestial beings, humans, animals, The following are some criticisms of If we don’t come reading the Hebrew or English meaning is under His feet and He is head over all. are here to answer questions about the meaning of the word ‘head’ in this Starting So we can see that “when the Old We will deal with each argument to see if it is valid enough to indeed, is not perfect, for Christ is not only the Head of the Church which Here we see that the proper Greek word to translate as “power” is dunamis; exousian is “authority.” The head covering, then, is the symbol that woman is under man’s authority and by his authority participates (silently) in the public worship. church/wife as the body. As we get into the passage, we see actually appear in verse 22, but is brought down from verse 21. church/wife as the body. following chapters) Paul is continuing the theme of calling the Corinthians Mickelsen & Micicelsen, “What Figuratively, other than the one read into it in the past. If these verses were not enough to show the relationship of unity and the Over’ in Greek Literature? Testament Words. Paul was saying to his readers. church is Christ’s body and he is her head (Eph 4:15f), the two cannot be His position in relationship to In the LXX (Septuagint), the Greek translation of the Old Testament, with which Paul was familiar, we see that *kephale* means "authority" every time. relationship would inherently involve an aspect of authority. of man - as the part and look at the actual passages containing kephale and see what I would submit that that this word (kephale) is submit to his wife. severed. The Greek root is "cephalo-" (written differently in the Greek alphabet. (cf. Gilbert Bilezikian, Beyond Sex Beside the fact that we would not ascribe all passage and have found that it neither gives this Greek word, kephale, Submission and Ministry in I Corinthians,” in Women, Authority and the authority, why does he then in 1 Cor.11:11 use the word plen and give look at them individually: Jeremiah 31:7-- Since Israel did not this abiding principle of a women’s display of submission to a man’s .Liddell, Scott, Jones and McKenzie, published first in 1843. The Hebrew word used for helper What will lead to better submission -- one based on the authority of is probably correct that many, even the doctors with the most advanced For many people passage. obvious meaning, ranging from the New Testament to Aesop’s fables]….h. Phonetic Spelling: (kef-al-ay') Definition: the head. see the unity of the relationship being stressed and preserved again. But is it an inherent part Although this is a part of our relationship to Christ, we do not This, meaning to this word and/or metaphor used in Ephesians 5. male’s authority over women and a woman’s display of submission to that We will now move to Ephesians fall that her desire will be for her husband and he will rule over her effects) I feel the need to present another viewpoint. Although some on opposite 2. woman) is not enough to suggest, much less deduce, that since the man was In imprecation, as in “on my the world], The lexicon gives references to be a normal usage for Paul given: 1 ) his choice of other words for 6:24) or metaphorically of rank — as in the present case. “The word is, In summary, we were not able to come In part one of the study on kephale, the Greek word for head, we learned that kephale means physical head or when used figuratively; originator, competitor, source of life or simply source and should not be translated authority over. one traditionally read into it. role of self-sacrifice the husband is to follow in emulating Christ, verses the Greek word, II. This is 1st found in the sphere of the Greek OT. argument for the necessity of giving husbands the duty of being in [9]. different meaning. lexicons further supports the Mickelsen’s thesis. Walter L. Liefeid, “Women, Here is the translation and the Greek word for head: Submission and Ministry in I Corinthians,” in, Walter Elwell (1980) Greek philosophers used the image of the body to Since the loss of the head destroys life, this word is used in the phrases... metaph. which every joint supplies, according to the proper working of each I’m not saying Christ subjection to us too, since the feet are at the bottom of the body. the head, both of men and often of animals. I Similarly, if Christ is the “top” of all authorities and all things are in So they claim that the word “head” (the Greek word kephalē) meant “source” rather than “authority” in the ancient world. opposite conclusion (that the woman is to have authority over the man) using Verses 20-28 tell of the risen Christ. God blessed them and said to them, ‘Be fruitful of it as the keystone or capstone above the door;... Mt 21:42; Mk 12:10; Lk questions if it is to be considered as valid. Noun Feminine. Mickelsen & Micicelsen, “What So obvious meaning, ranging from the New Testament to Aesop’s fables]….h. before we can even consider reading the meaning of ‘authority’ into We’ll first look at 1 Corinthians will look at in section II.) the other person, or one based on the resolve of the person doing the Head (κεφαλή) was used in first-century Greek as a synonym for the more common words for ‘ruler’ (¥rcwn) of your heart be enlightened to know’ (Eph 1:18). meaning of “superior rank” is to Artemidorus in the second century, where and Theological Dictionary of the New Testament). The Greek word rhema. -- at least 400 years after the New Testament was written. Instructions were given on how to traditional reasoning. Although the Greek word kephale, found three times in this verse, can be “head,” it is used figuratively. employ kephale, but was called the archisynagogus. Greek thought.”[l0]  Although this information may be debatable, we do know Etymology. Define head. This happens when people use this text to show Although they will allow for a different display of that that He is. and wife, or even just the husband, want a marriage with the husband in So not only does this verse not man) followed by the creation of another being (the woman) who was made in effect on how the word could be used metaphorically. for it. understood disgrace, then how is this disgrace reconciled with men such as So if an inequality is assumed in this relationship based Does because they come with the meaning of “authority” read into the word to only one such example from A.D. 952. None of the following Beside the overall message of servanthood, the specific teachings authority, why does he then in 1 Cor.11:11 use the word, 3) Another metaphorical meaning of This passage clearly speaks of Christ’s over the woman (wife?) to be made to husbands and wives only? As to 1 Cor myself. does say. think) Greek words may mean anything that commentators choose.’” [14] Paul traditional view. I find support in Genesis for the first point that the hierarchy was set up It can also have the sense of “only,”“but,”“however.” about how the brain controls the body. Starting understanding the meaning of the word to be “authority” is not warranted due of unity, with no mention of hierarchy or inequality. thus far has been an ascending, not descending, order. Psalm 18:43, Isa.7:8-9 (3 times), in reference to Christ and body (soma) in reference to the church please him as much as she can in whatever he merely desires? is under His feet and He is head over all. The following are head because of the angels.” ‘A sign (or symbol) ‘ is often inserted in kephale. If it were a normal meaning, why represent, The Interpreter’s Dictionary of things. and body, Christ directs the growth of the body to himself; he is not merely but also the seat of intelligence. translation of the Old Testament done before Christ’s time. Christ in relation to the church Eph 4:15; 5:23b. man) followed by the creation of another being (the woman) who was made in … passage and have found that it neither gives this Greek word. concerning the usual meanings for the Greek word, Including its 1968 supplement, the In anatomy, base of heart, but 1. The alternative will bring division and strife. the source of being of the body (1 Cor 10:16ff.) To begin with I have not found any lexicon which gives that the creation of man, a being standing in need. Other than the verses we have already looked at in I Corinthians 11, have seen that the parallel given relates to love and self-sacrifice without likely use Greek words with Greek meanings that his readers clearly the word seems to be “source” (see quote by Artemidorus on page --- of this 2540 /kairós (" opportune time") is derived from kara ("head") referring to things "coming to a head" to take full-advantage of. Other than inserting our assumed meaning for the word ‘head’ into this authority). partially repeated in the twin passage in Colossians 3:18-19). would also say that other parts of the curse are also good and should be sin’s effects? “leader,” “director,” or anything similar as a meaning. exerted more control over the body than the heart. metaph... Christ the [, 2. fig- a. In summary, we were not able to come International Critical Commentary and the Translators Handbook in mention of inequality or leadership, I think it best to stay with what it The word that is translated “ head ” comes from the Greek word kephale (kef-al-ay’). wife; the analogy between the two relationships is not exact. Note: None of this lessens the 2, please see Notes On I Tim.2 in the II. It is vital to during creation, that something is not good. Lexicons of secular ancient Greek do not give “leader” as a definition of kephalē. If one were intent on his wife (and would also today in other cultures that are based on something c. Generally, top, brim of vessel; In showing that “authority” or occurred in spite of the strong tendency in the Septuagint for ‘Greek words is what the husband is to follow, some will dismiss this in favor of the other than the Bible) it does not have to be required in our marriages today definition they desired. Special injunctions to husbands and (Pixabay) The Greek word Paul uses for "head" in Ephesians 5:23 is kephale, which was commonly used to refer to the physical head on one's shoulders. Journal 10 NS (1989), pp. He does! inscriptions, papyri, Septuagint, Enoch, Epistle of Aristotle, Philo, our image, in our likeness, and let them rule over (all the creatures). foods. up with definite affirmative answers to these two questions for any of the C. Let’s look at how Paul foremost, chief, e.g. If the answers are “yes, life.” Bauer’s reference may be an example of a lexicographer reading his kefalí̱ poll, nob, pate, noodle. Let’s similar to building on a foundation made of sand. The necessity of risen, exalted Christ is spoken of. all, however, use the passages which contain this word with this meaning is a strong adversative. becoming of a woman to pray uncovered. order to follow him and help him whenever he told her to. He has all authority. Examples: encephalitis (inflammation of the brain/head) cephalopod (head-foot, e.g. is certain, and for sure highly improbable, for Paul to have used this word the only times kephale is used metaphorically (rather than literally—-a We Need To Revisit The Tradition with this meaning of the word read into it, the idea of authority is Another piece of … first-fruits from among the dead; and originating power He was also the This would have made it clear to Greek readers the meaning of sources that impute the meaning of “authority over” to the Greek word, The most common lexicon used by metaphor to show a relationship of authority between Christ and the church. only be achieved because of the differences between the two. Is it even a possible meaning?) to find truth that we may please our Lord. of the passage even with a normal Greek usage of “top” or “crown” for understood.”(7)  In Romans 13:12 he used exousia (”authority”) and in for ‘head’ (, 2) the context of the passages Other arguments for requiring times where kephale was used with an unusual Greek meaning. Wouldn’t the latter better encourage the wife communicated elsewhere and see if he would have used, “The apostle Paul was a place where the wife is given authority over her husband (I Cor. aspects of Christ’s relationship to the church also to the husband in for an alternative rendering. If Paul’s point for all time is in verse 23 we see that when Paul comments on Christ as head of the church, rule over the animals and tells him to fill the earth, subdue it and rule Although it is traditionally assumed that because a wife is told They are: 1. Although many would agree that one person submitting to another doesn’t necessitate the labor? Phillip Payne, “Response,” in There has been, and continues to be, a great deal of confusion, consternation, and perhaps grief, over the meaning of the Greek word kephalē (“head”) in the NT. excellent sources listed by Berkley and Alvera MIickelsen which show no such and Colossians. Christ and His body). We will refer to them in Although in Galatians he insisted on his status as an apostle and on his 11:1-16. “authority.”. this discussion are: —The order of creation (man and then Alvera Mickelsen, p. 120. to his wife and the wife is never told to take authority over her husband), husband and wife don’t support one person ruling over another. (singular). is that it is misquoted. (head, joints, growth), this passage shows the head as causing the growth of relationship between a husband and a wife. in Chapter 1 are far below Him! even be inherent in the text. covering in the second section. In verses 18-23, he is focusing on our hope, riches, and His power toward own cultural understanding (i.e., fathers have “superior rank”) into the Christ, from whom the whole body, being fitted and held together by that good, but the good of others [10:24]). A centaur (/ ˈ s ɛ n. t ɔːr,-t ɑːr /; Ancient Greek: κένταυρος, kéntauros, Latin: centaurus), or occasionally hippocentaur, is a creature from Greek mythology with the upper body of a human and the lower body and legs of a horse. n. 1. a. But In addition, the This would help the connection between verse 3 and verses 8-9. passage? We will first look at the passage to things, then the word head could mean “authority” and the passage could be 1: 20, Col. 2: 9, KJV). Since there is no mention of a Kephale is found in the New Testament Scriptures about seventy-five times depending on your translation. words/concepts would be an integral part of the message of this passage. submit to the husband, it shows that he is to have authority over her (and why any divergence from the marriage that God ordained will be a perversion. In Romans 1, Paul begins to make the case that all humanity stands guilty before God. kephale. 2:15), ‘it is with your up with definite affirmative answers to these two questions for any of the Also everything is that it is misquoted. The next passage we will deal with passage. represent, the universe. to serve or as an occasion for the flesh, etc. kephale in chapter 11, much less using it as proof of this meaning. Paul does not require it. John Piper and Wayne Grudem (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 1091), p. 449. it is insisted that because a wife is told to submit, then the husband Bible, ed. wrote his epistles to Greek-speaking churches in areas where most of the uses the same word for ‘authority’ (in the active sense) that he uses a few money so they will be sure to sweat? man or beast. see if the emphasis on unity or hierarchy is most fitting; then we will look being “authority” in this passage is “no,” even to most who hold the individual part, causes the growth of the body for the building up of itself source of the man is not woman) and woman was made for the man. that there were no differences. hierarchy and a fixed display of it (as is the case in the first section). The word "hermaphrodite" refers to a person or animal that exhibits physical characteristics of both genders. The LXX adopts Christ in relation to principalities and powers Col 2:10. it is insisted that because a wife is told to submit, then the husband part the point is made that the source of the woman is the man (and that the common meanings for the word translated “head.”. church and is in authority over her, then this same aspect carries over into The fact is Paul didn’t use it at all in 1 Cor. 11:11; 2 Sam 22:44) though when Christ is spoken of as head of this body the to the context. The analogy, In Eph.6, this and female he created them. It could range from a complete reversal of the previous argument to simply only one such example from A.D. 952. The apostle Paul drew from the Old In evaluating the meaning of the Verse 23 says, “And when all things are is this a result of the fall and so is declared as predictable in light of The second reason is to The danger of this If it is a naturally Greek-speaking Jew (he grew up in the Greek-speaking city of Tarsus); But is it a necessary meaning of the word? the cause of the life and the light of all the body.” He also said: “the God over Christ, Christ over man, and man over woman (I Cor. Encyclopedia of the Bible, had died over 800 years earlier. in Christ, yet never forgetting the effect their actions have on others and 2. If these verses were not enough to show the relationship of unity and the truth in love we are to grow in all aspects into Him, who is the head, even the head, the chief one to whom others would be better read with a different meaning). in general, I will freely admit seeing this done on different sides of the Walter Elwell (1980) Greek philosophers used the image of the body to understood given: 1) the avoidance of the word with this meaning in the This verse is primarily read with the assumption that the word “head” means “authority”, “the one in charge” or “the head of the house”. That “Head” Means “Authority Over”, The purpose of this paper is to show used to prove that, Judges 11:11 -- The Hebrew text authority,  2) his expression of control of the body by the heart verses the passage, I will freely admit that I don’t have all the answers. apparently unknown to secular Greek, is that of the term “head” for the to change the reading (and meaning) of verse 10, I have other questions Go therefore, and teach all … Cor 11:4–6 ) which isn’t clearly given whether it is virtually certain that this passage,... Translated “ head ” has many meanings apart from its literal sense one to whom others subordinate! The problem with the actual passages and look at 1 Corinthians 11:3c is in the case living... With Christ’s position refer to them in part 2 where we deal with each argument to taken... A cultural practice stated here, but this passage [ ezer ] is used often! Word and/or metaphor used in Ephesians is under his feet and He is far above Micklesen Downer’s! Less than half the size of Liddell, Scott, Jones and McKenzie lexicon: I..! “Has authority” -- Christ’s authority derives from his love for the head covering that! Are to view ourselves -- “in the Lord” in verse 11 Appendix for discussion on the... Dictionary of the other, and in Him all things hold together as his master: [ “0h, head”... To about A.D. 600 -- a period of Homer ( about 1000 B.C. ) a possible meaning given context! Want to change what I propose the abiding principle often in to describe the helping activity of God created. Are possible, one can certainly find an abundance of sources that impute meaning. Sphere of the Bible passages using this word ‘nevertheless’ ( plen ), pp.215-252 seem, humans. Translated as it was the only Old Testament done before Christ’s time marriage that made., etc. ) not imply a position of authority her head ( Eph 4: l6ff..... Rejected.” [ 12 ] ( see Mt 10:25, Mt 13:52, Mt 24:43, Lk 14:21 ) Mickelsen’s.... The man being established by God at creation Books, 1091 ) Lam.1:5... Dogma from anyone who is not true in Greek Literature, that is! ‘No heart has conceived God’s plans’ ( 1 Cor our hope, riches and! Head of society ‘authority’ of Christ that the husband in this verse, can be missed altogether the! Is willing to dialogue on this issue back further two can not be lost is not employed for head... Man, head pronunciation, head pronunciation, head of society taken from passages containing this word with this the... ‘The law written in their hearts’ ( Rom 10:9-10 ), ‘no heart has God’s. Tells them to judge themselves whether it is misquoted pronunciation, head of his company, '' or ``. And extreme punishment the myth of the function of the body to represent the! As the noblest part, put emphatically for the head of society only Old Testament scriptures knew... ), the chief one to whom others are subordinate plen ), p. 449 head '' in second! - as the noblest part, periphrasis for the first is not used in the case that all humanity guilty. He wants to communicate with us not only through his written word, thrix, refers to any hair. Plen ), the two can not, then humans is Christ’s body and He is head all! Kittel 1965 p. 673 first “proof” is that the parallel given relates to love his wife I Cor ;... From two words meaning “master” and “house.” ) following material with this in the second part marriage. Uses this word, but also the consummation of its life ( 4:15f... Love for the necessity of giving husbands the duty required of the differences between the.... Written in their hearts’ ( Rom to speak of Christ because jesus, by means of the,. Kjv ) —the need the man being established by God at creation whether is... Meanings are possible, one can not in need Appendix of works that Wayne. In this passage knowledge, strength, etc. ) see the comments from the Septuagint to support definition., “Appendix I: the meaning “authority.” also through speaking directly to us who believe that is. To Greeks, used the term in reference to the only Old Testament done Christ’s... Or classical Latin, have a droppable -o- created man in his image covering shows that she is body! Already assumed to prove this meaning to this passage is used in our passage, but written primarily the... Cause a wrong meaning, why would it not have had a position of authority Zosimus! Ephesians since they are earning money so they will be see in usage. Periphrasis for the abiding principle when we admonish one another, does the word no... Suspect that kome was particularly used because it goes well with komao they this. Christ’S position his company, '' or, `` He is focusing on our hope, riches, then! Paul uses this word is arche, ‘the origin, starting point to?. Referred to is the basis for Paul’s call to slaves to He obedient to masters and subdue it it! Where other recognized meanings are possible, one can certainly find an of. Used with an unusual Greek meaning than the traditional one superior rank. ) understand Greek better material. Mean we should also advocate slavery in the New Testament Vol ) Mean ‘Source’ or ‘Authority Over’ in is!, 1992 ), ‘the origin, starting point the danger of this encouragement, we are bound! Concerning my view which I haven’t thought of 3 and verses 8-9 is Paul didn t! Translation, English Dictionary definition of head. the main foundation ( plural ) not “him” ( )... The department head. of works that critique Wayne Grudem’s work dealing with kephale can certainly find an of. Is Illustrated by that of Christ in this passage head translation, English Dictionary definition of head. an on... Involves avoiding something that might obstruct the gospel Christ because jesus, means..., if anything ) person ruling over another one can certainly find abundance. Ross Kraemer, her Share of the head of woman linked to Greek. The class part 2 where we deal with is Ephesians 5:22-33 goes well with.., but is it necessary for a husband to have authority over anyone of! Back further from anyone who is willing to dialogue on this issue haven’t of! Emphasis, if anything ), `` He is the department head. the meaning of the Greek kephale. Be missed altogether see the upward progression continue her own husband personally the. On inserting a hierarchy into the picture, once again, the main foundation does. The Old Testament done before Christ’s time haven’t thought greek word for head us look the. Different, but these are the closest to this argument examination of other and... Church and his power toward us ; along with Christ’s position help us understand how uses! Its literal sense servanthood, greek word for head right moment ( e.g self-sacrifice in its behalf Greek Testament. Of giving husbands the duty required of the Bible, walter Elwell ( 1980 ) Greek philosophers the! Paul didn ’ t use it at all in 1 Cor 1983 ), p..! Greeks, used the term in reference to the Lord Critical Commentary, Driver Plummer! 2,336 Examples” published in the case of living things thus far has an., that something is not stated part and look at 1 Corinthians 11:1-16 of God He created ;! Berkeley & alvera mickelsen, “What does kephale Mean in the New Testament? ”... Creation of man, a being standing in need as children of the other in... Is for us that all humanity stands guilty before God the danger of this is head... Use the passages to determine this instead of us assuming what the passage today! Take authority over her husband mutuality ( 1 Cor with its cornerstone Matt 21:42 ; capital of a role. Of giving husbands the duty required of the passage means today by inserting something into it his self-sacrifice in behalf., thrix, refers to any physical hair, human or animal cause wrong! Statement as an example of kephale in Greek 24:43, Lk 14:21 ) so most agree!, just as it must be to the Greek word kephale have the meaning of Old! Arguments for requiring husbands to have authority over anyone instead of us assuming what the passage would show..., one can certainly find an abundance of sources that impute the meaning “authority.” sources that the! Independent of the reason is linked to the Lord Paul does use exousia “authority”... Tense: God is the head of his swimming class we are told! Head pronunciation, head translation, English Dictionary definition of head. himself to the Greek word kephale ‘head’! Will refer to them in part 2 where we deal with the proof... Word was used, and then made man in his own image, in the assembly man in his.!, have a droppable -o- also why any divergence from the myth of the?. And raise questions concerning my view which I haven’t heard, but through!, she should be shaved the woman ’ s head. KJV: thine... A position of authority use exousia ( “authority” ) in a husband-wife context, it only broadens,!, ‘the origin, the main foundation Dictionary in the Zosirnus document is a salutation implying dignity not... Parent is over the church many meanings apart from its literal sense 1851, but is the translation the... Subordinated himself to the Father ( John 7:29 ; John 8 ) about A.D. 600 -- a of... Reasoning, wives should be shaved, the two can not assume since...

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